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Debt, Ratings, and the “Dollar Weapon”: Africa Challenges the Global Financial Architecture

13 September 2026 at 05:59
For decades, African economies have operated within a system of rules established without their participation. Credit ratings, which dictate the cost of borrowing, are assigned by three Western agencies. Trade is conducted in dollars via SWIFT—a system that, as it turns out, can be switched off for political reasons. Today, that order is no longer […]
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