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As Rome Expanded, Villagers in Portugal May Have Been Fixing Dye With Crushed Rock and Vinegar: A Pit Full of Flowers May Be the Leftovers of a 2,000-Year-Old Workshop

Almost nothing survives of what people wore in the Iron Age. Linen, wool and dyes are all organic matter, and in most soils they simply rot away. Archaeologists therefore tend to reconstruct the history of textiles from the tools that do last, above all spindle whorls: small stone or ceramic discs that weigh down the […]

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Hilltop Villages, African Ivory and Wounded Skeletons: How Small Communities Resisted The First Bronze Age Power in Spain

Around 4,200 years ago, in the dry south-east of the Iberian Peninsula, a society began building cities on hilltops, stockpiling grain on a large scale and arming its warriors with halberds (blades like axe heads mounted on long poles) and metal swords. Archaeologists call it El Argar. Further north, in what are now La Mancha, […]

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