Ancient geographers listed many cities called Arsinoe, from Cyprus to Cilicia (in what is now southern Turkey), from Ephesus to the Gulf of Suez. Most of them were linked to the Ptolemies, the dynasty that ruled Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great. One, however, lies far from the Nile. It stood in the […]

In a lab at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) in Japan, a slab of diamond smaller than a pencil eraser hangs from a carbon fiber rod about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long. The rod is attached to a graphite plate that floats in mid-air above four magnets. Nobody touches it. When a […]

On the road into the stadium at Olympia, at the foot of Mount Cronius, ancient Greek athletes passed a stone platform with steps cut through it. A row of bronze statues of Zeus, the god the Games were held to honour, stood beside it. None of them celebrated a victory. Each had been paid for […]

The shoulder blade is such a wide and flat bone that in some areas it becomes almost translucent when held up to the light. That is why it is rare to find it whole, even in modern burials, and why it so surprised archaeologists from the University of Cambridge that from Shanidar Cave, in Iraqi […]

Tucked among the Greek temples that made Agrigento famous, on the south coast of Sicily, there is a narrow valley of orange and olive trees. An international team has been digging there for three years. The third season in the Kolymbethra valley and on the Case Montana plateau ends on October 24. According to the […]

About 13,800 years ago, Magdalenian hunters in northern Spain were still visiting the cave of Altamira, famous today for its painted bison. (The cave’s entrance would collapse around 13,000 years ago.) On the other side of the world, a different group of hunters was setting up camp on a ridge above the Tanana River, in […]

Most of us can rattle off Europe’s great royal houses: the Bourbons, the Habsburgs, the Plantagenets, the Stuarts, the Romanovs, the Windsors. Far fewer people have heard of the House of Oldenburg, yet few families have left a deeper or longer-lasting mark. Through a long chain of marriages, the Oldenburgs spread across the north of […]

Some medieval books can’t be read by anyone, and one of them has become almost a trademark of the genre: the Voynich manuscript, kept at Yale University and dated to the 15th century. It has inspired novels and theories of every kind. Specialists often place another volume right behind it on the list of enigmas, […]

Until now, the biggest fruiting bodies known among the ascomycetes, the largest group of fungi (it includes morels and truffles), stood between 20 and 30 centimeters (8 to 12 inches) tall, about the length of a school ruler. Researchers at the Kunming Institute of Botany, part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, have now found […]

A man in Behbeit el-Hagar, a village in Egypt’s Gharbia province, was working on a plot of land in front of his house when he came across a block covered in carvings. He told the local antiquities inspectorate. What came out of the ground afterwards, according to a statement from Egypt’s Ministry of Tourism and […]

The building, named Jandial D, turned up during excavations by the Italian Archaeological Mission of Ca’ Foscari University of Venice in Pakistan, part of the Khyber PATH project. Work began in mid-August 2026 and has exposed an imposing structure: almost 100 meters (about 330 feet) long, close to the length of a football field, and […]

Forest fires and Antarctica are hard to picture together. Today the continent lies under a thick sheet of ice, and the cold preserves almost everything that falls on it. Around 90 million years ago, in the Cretaceous (the last period of the age of dinosaurs), the scene was very different. The planet was going through […]

When people picture Gaul between the fifth and seventh centuries, they tend to think of invading tribes, shrinking towns and Merovingian kings so passive that later historians nicknamed them the “do-nothing kings”. A hilltop in Burgundy fits that picture badly. Archaeologists there are digging up a sizeable church, buildings heated from beneath the floor and […]

In AD 52, the hills around Lake Fucino, some 50 miles (80 km) east of Rome, were crowded with spectators from nearby villages and from the capital itself. On the water, two fleets of triremes and quadriremes (warships driven by banks of oars) waited with crews of condemned prisoners, 19,000 of them according to Tacitus. […]

Almost nothing is left of a Roman window. The wooden frame rots, the glass (when there was any) shatters and the iron rusts away, so a grille that reaches us in one piece is a rarity. One has now turned up at Augusta Raurica, the Roman city that spreads across the Swiss villages of Augst […]

Five kilometres (about three miles) of open sea, strong currents and waves that give no warning. That is the distance between the coast of Bømlo, in western Norway, and Hespriholmen, a small rocky islet that archaeologists regard as the most emblematic Stone Age site in the region. For thousands of years, groups of fishers and […]

Here is how a consultation worked. Anyone with a question (whether to travel, close a purchase, go to court, or wait for a sick relative to recover) walked up to a statue of the god Hermes in the town square, threw a handful of sheep bones onto a table, added up the points and looked […]

Cut a mammoth tusk across and a pattern appears that nobody drew. Rings like those of a tree trunk mark how the ivory grew, and are known as Owen’s lines. Crossing them runs a web of curved lines that looks like the mesh of a net, the Schreger lines. About 18,000 years ago, in a […]

Near Parabita, a town in the province of Lecce, in the heel of Italy’s boot (the region of Apulia, also spelled Puglia), a limestone cave holds a piece of Ice Age history. Two small bone figurines found there in 1966 belong to the group known as the Palaeolithic Venus figurines. Now a new survey suggests […]

Around 400 BC, Europe was changing, though not in a single direction. Athens had just lost the Peloponnesian War (404 BC), and Roman tradition says the Gauls would sack Rome around 390 BC. Farther north, Iron Age communities reacted in almost opposite ways. In the south of the Netherlands and the southeast of Gaul, people […]