In 1787, Catherine the Great set off on a six-month tour of Crimea, a territory Russia had annexed only four years earlier. The emperor of Austria and a group of European diplomats travelled with her. Along the route, triumphal arches had been built specially for the occasion, and the inscription they carried was hard to […]

In the first quarter of the 11th century, a force of Kievan Rus’ warriors sailed for Constantinople hoping to join the Varangian Guard — the Byzantine emperor’s elite personal bodyguard, foreign troops trusted precisely because they had no stake in local politics, not unlike Rome’s Praetorian Guard centuries earlier. The city turned them away at […]